Salud respiratoria y del sueño infantil tras una amniocentesis en el segundo trimestre / Child's respiratory and sleep health following mid-trimester amniocentesis

Objetivo. Investigar las tasas de trastornos respiratorios y del sueño en los niños cuyas madres se sometieron a una amniocentesis. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyó a niños cuyas madres se sometieron a una amniocentesis en el segundo trimestre (entre las 16 y las 20 semanas) y otros sin procedimiento invasivo (controles). Resultados. Se anallizó a 50 niños en el grupo de amniocentesis y a 47 controles. Hubo mayor incidencia de trastornos del sueño en el grupo de amniocentesis: 30 casos (60 %) frente a 11 controles (23,4 %) (p = 0,001). En el grupo de amniocentesis, 7 niños (14%) tenían asma; en el grupo de referencia, 1 niño (2,1 %) (p = 0,032).Conclusión. Podría haber una asociación entre la amniocentesis en el segundo trimestre, el asma y los trastornos del sueño en los niños. Se requieren estudios futuros y analizar los efectos a largo plazo de las pruebas invasivas.

Objective. The aim was to investigate the rates of respiratory and sleep disturbances in infants whose mothers experienced amniocentesis.Material and methods. Infants whose mothers have undergone midterm amniocentesis (between 16 and 20 weeks) and no invasive procedure (controls) were enrolled.Results. The study analyzed 50 infants whose mothers have undergone amniocentesis (amniocentesis group) and 47 controls. Amniocentesis group had higher incidence of sleep disturbances: 30 cases (60 %), compared with 11 controls (23.4 %) (P = 0.001). In the amniocentesis group there were 7 children (14 %) with asthma, while in the control group, asthma was confirmed in 1 child (2.1 %) (P = 0.032).Conclusion. Our data triggers the hypothesis that associations between midterm amniocentesis, child's asthma and sleep isturbances may exist. These preliminary results reveal the importance of further studies and the need for the analysis of long term effects of invasive testing.

Intra-Amniotic Infection/Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Subsequent Ruptured Membranes after Clinically Indicated Amniocentesis in Preterm Labor

The aim of this study was to determine whether intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) was associated with subsequent ruptured membranes in women with preterm labor and intact membranes who had a clinically indicated amniocentesis. This retrospective cohort study included 237 consecutive women with preterm labor (20-34.6 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis. The clinical and laboratory parameters evaluated included demographic variables, gestational age, C-reactive protein (CRP) and amniotic fluid (AF) white blood cell, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and culture results. IAI was defined as a positive AF culture and/or an elevated AF IL-6 level (>2.6 ng/mL). The primary outcome was ruptured membranes in the absence of active labor occurring within 48 hours of amniocentesis. Preterm premature rupture of membranes subsequently developed in 10 (4.2%) women within 48 hr of amniocentesis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only IAI was independently associated with the ruptured membranes occurring within 48 hr of amniocentesis. In the predictive model based on variables assessed before amniocentesis, only CRP level was retained. IAI is an independent risk factor for subsequent ruptured membranes after clinically indicated amniocentesis in preterm labor. Prior to amniocentesis, measurement of serum CRP level can provide a risk assessment for the subsequent development of ruptured membranes after the procedure.

Comparison of complications of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

Background: A significant number of pregnancies are associated with the cytogenetic abnormalities of the fetus. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling [CVS] are procedures used for prenatal genetic diagnosis. In this study, we compare the safety and complications of mid-trimester amniocentesis and transabdominal CVS

Materials and Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was performed in 308 patients from 2.11.2007 to 26.10.2009. We had 155 cases of amniocentesis, which we performed in weeks 15-23 of pregnancy; and 153 cases of CVS, which we performed during weeks 10-14 of pregnancy

Results: There were 2 cases [1.2%] of premature rupture of membrane [PROM] in amniocentesis which occurred 1 and 10 days after the procedure and caused pregnancy loss before 20 weeks. We had 1 case [0.7%] of abortion in CVS, which occurred 10 days after the procedure. Additionally, there was 1 case of amniotic fluid leakage [0.7%] in which, after admission to the hospital and observation, leakage was stopped and the pregnancy continued normally

Conclusion: In this study, we had more complications with amniocentesis cases than CVS. CVS is a procedure performed in the earlier stages of pregnancy and its complications are less than amniocentesis. We suggest CVS to be the procedure of choice for genetic diagnosis

Outcome of second trimester amniocentesis in twin pregnancies at Songklanagarind Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of genetic amniocentesis in twin gestations at Songklanagarind Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a descriptive study that included all women with twin pregnancies who had a second trimester amniocentesis for chromosome study at the Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Songklanagarind Hospital from January 1998 through June 2006 to assess the outcome including risk of fetal loss in such cases. RESULTS: Advanced maternal age was the most common indication for amniocentesis. The success rate of cell culture was 100%. The fetal loss within 14 days after the procedure was 1.4%. CONCLUSION: The tendency of fetal loss after amniocentesis in twin pregnancies was higher than in singletons. Pre-procedure counseling personnel should be aware of this potential outcome, and be sure to inform the involved parents prior to the procedure.

The efficacy of lidocaine-prilocaine cream to reduce pain in genetic amniocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether local anesthesia by lidocaine-prilocaine cream decreases maternal pain during mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This randomized controlled study of mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis was conducted between 1 October 2006 and 30 April 2007. Pregnant women were randomized to receive lidocaine-prilocaine cream or placebo cream 30 minutes prior to amniocentesis. Patients, blinded to allocation, recorded anticipated and actual pain before and after the procedure. The visual analog score (VAS) was evaluated, using a 0-10 scale. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty women participated in the present study. Sixty women were randomized to lidocaine-prilocaine group. The two groups were similar with respect to clinical correlations and procedure characteristics. Anticipated pain was 6.1 +/- 2.0 in the lidocaine-prilocaine group and 6.3 +/- 2.3 in the placebo group (p = 0.61). Actual pain was 2.3 +/- 2.2 in the lidocaine-prilocaine group and 2.9 +/- 2.5 in the placebo group (p = 0. 16). CONCLUSION: Lidocaine-prilocaine cream does not decrease pain during mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis.

The location of needle insertion effect on maternal pain in amniocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal pain in amniocentesis was associated with the location of needle insertion and other identifiable clinical correlates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This prospective study of mid-trimester amniocentesis was conducted between October 2005 and December 2005. Women were asked to complete a visual analog scale (VAS) after the amniocentesis. The distance from uterine fundus to symphysis pubis and from the location of needle insertion to symphysis pubis were measured and calculated to divide the insertion into two groups: upper third and middle third. The effect of previous amniocentesis, previous abdominal surgery, needle insertion through placenta and operators' experience was determined. The t-test was used for analysis; a probability value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy-two women were participated in the study. The mean VAS was 2.7 +/- 2.1. The perception of pain was significantly less in patients with the upper-third insertion as compared with the middle third insertion (VAS 2.2 vs 3.9, p = 0.002). Previous amniocentesis, previous abdominal surgery, needle insertion through placenta and operators' experience had no impact on pain intensity. CONCLUSION: The pain from amniocentesis was significantly less in the patients with the needle insertion in the upper third of the uterus.

Spontaneous reseal of ruptured membranes after genetic amniocentesis.

BACKGROUND: Rupture of membranes is an uncommon complication of genetic amniocentesis. The risk of ruptured membranes is reported as 1-1.2%. CASE: Genetic amniocentesis complicated by ruptured membranes was diagnosed in a 31-year-old woman. The membranes resealed after 48 hours with conservative management and the pregnancy ended with a favorable outcome. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous reseal of ruptured membranes after genetic amniocentesis can occur with conservative management and end with a favorable pregnancy outcome.

A Case of Septic Shock and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Complicated by Acute Myocardial Infarction Following Amniocentesis

Maternal septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) following amniocentesis is a relatively rare condition, and its incidence is only 0.03~0.19%. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with DIC is also rare. We report here on a 40-year-old female patient who had septic shock and DIC that was complicated by AMI following amniocentesis. The possible mechanism of AMI in this patient may have been coronary artery thrombosis associated with DIC.

Effect of intraamniotic vitamin A on palatal closure of fetal rats.

On day 15 of gestation, intraamniotic vitamin A in a dose of 150 IU was administered to the fetal rats to examine its effect on palatal closure. Fetuses subjected to only amniocentesis acted as control for the study. The fetuses were recovered on day 19, 20 and 21, respectively. Vitamin A resulted in poor development of palatine shelves. There was no clear demarcation of the base and the free margins of the shelves were either rounded or blunted with poor attempt towards closure. In the vitamin A group, the incidence of cleft palate were similar in all three days while there was a gradual decline with increasing gestational age in the amniocentesis group. The results suggest that unlike amniocentesis, in vitamin A treated fetuses, there was no attempt towards a delayed closure of the palate.

Complicaciones asociadas al uso de amniocentesis diagnóstica en la segunda mitad del embarazo, realizada con o sin guía ultrasonográfica continua / Complications associated with the utilization of diagnostic amniocentesis with or without guided continuous ultrasound performed in the second half of pregnancy

Objetivo: Identificar las complicaciones secundarias a la realización de amniocentesis diagnóstica (AD) cuando se realiza con y sin guía ultrasonográfica continua. Material y métodos: En el periodo de 1990 a 1997, se evaluaron un total de 473 amniocentesis, realizadas a 165 mujeres embarazadas (2.8 procedimientos por paciente). De las cuales, 197 se realizaron sin guía ultrasonográfica continua y 276 con guía ultrasonográfica continua. Se identificaron como complicaciones mayores a aquellas que llevaron a la finalización del embarazo: ruptura prematura de las membranas corioamnióticas, hemorragia transvaginal y contracciones uterinas no controladas. Se consideraron complicaciones menores a aquellas que se presentaron dentro de las primeras 72 horas posteriores al procedimiento y que no llevaron a la terminación del embarazo: repetición del número de punciones, contaminación hemática del líquido amniótico obtenido en la muestra, actividad uterina corregida y goteo de sangrado transvaginal. El análisis estadístico se realizó a partir de la diferencia de proporciones utilizando la prueba de c2. Resultados: En el grupo sin guía ultrasonográfica continua se incluyeron un total de 197 procedimientos, realizados en 68 mujeres embarazadas (2.9 procedimientos por caso). Se observaron un total de 62 complicaciones (31.5 por ciento): 5 mayores (2.5 por ciento) y 57 menores (28.9 por ciento). En el grupo con guía ultrasonográfica continua se incluyeron 276 procedimientos realizados en 97 mujeres embarazadas (2.8 procedimientos por caso). Se observo un total de 22 complicaciones (7.9 por ciento): 2 mayores (0.7 por ciento) y 20 menores (7.2 por ciento). La diferencia entre proporciones dio un valor de Ji cuadrada de 86.435, con un valor de p menor de 0.0001 Conclusiones: El uso de guía ultrasonográfica en la aplicación de procedimientos invasivos para el diagnóstico fetal, disminuye en forma importante los riesgos hacia el feto. La posibilidad de que se presente alguna complicación que lleve a la terminación del embarazo con un procedimiento sin guía ultrasonográfica es de 3 a 4 veces mayor. Se recomienda la utilización rutinaria del ultrasonido en la guía de procedimientos diagnósticos del estado fetal.

Fetomaternal hemorrhage after midtrimester genetic amniocentesis at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital.

Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis has become an accepted part of modern obstetric care. Although its accuracy is well established, the risk of fetomaternal hemorrhage remains controversial. This prospective study was conducted to determine how effective continuous ultrasound guided amniocentesis is in preventing fetomaternal hemorrhage. The authors investigated 30 patients undergoing midtrimester genetic amniocentesis at our institution. Amniocentesis was performed under continuous real-time ultrasound guidance using a 21-gauge, 3.5-inch long spinal needle. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined before, at 5 minutes and at 1 hour after amniocentesis. There were no significant changes in maternal serum AFP levels either at 5 minutes or at 1 hour after amniocentesis. Midtrimester genetic amniocentesis performed by a trained and experienced operator under continuous ultrasound guidance does not significantly increase the risk of fetomaternal hemorrhage after the procedure.

Diagnóstico citogenético antenatal: indicaciones y experiencia del servicio de genética del hospital clínico Universidad de Chile / Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis: indications and experience of the genetical service in clinical hospital of Universidad de Chile

El diagnóstico cromosómico antenatal por amniocentesis y cordocentesis se realiza desde hace 7 años en el Laboratorio de Citogenética del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile. Su principal utilidad reside en la complementación diagnóstica cuando se detecta un embarazo patológico y en la tranquilidad que le da un resultado normal a una mujer con temor de una cromosomopatía por edad materna avanzada. El hallazgo de una alteración cromosómica en líquido amniótico ha ocurrido en el 16,2 por ciento de los casos referidos por anomalías detectadas ecográficamente y sólo en el 5,0 por ciento de aquellos con edades mayores en la madre. Las cromosomopatías encontradas en sangre de cordón corresponden a un 18,2 por ciento. Es importante destacar que un resultado normal es igualmente relevante para las decisiones en el manejo pre y postnatal

Manejo de la rotura prematura de membranas en embarazos menores de 34 semanas / Management of premature rupture of membranes in pregnacies under 34 weeks

Se presentan los resultados maternos y perinatales de 19 casos de rotura prematura de membranas en embarazos menores de 34 semanas, que ingresaron al Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital San Juan de Dios entre los meses de mayo y noviembre de 1993. En la conducta terapéutica se considera el uso de corticoides, cultivos bacteriológicos endocervicales y del fondo de saco vaginal posterior, uso de antibióticos en caso de cultivos positivos y al momento de decidir la interrupción del embarazo. La evaluación del bienestar fetal se efectúa con perfil biofísico fetal y registro basal no estresante. De los resultados destaca la buena evolución materna durante el puerperio, con un tiempo de hospitalización similar al de pacientes que no han presentado rotura prematura de membranas. El peso de los recién nacidos fluctuó entre 1.100 y 2.110 g. El tiempo de latencia osciló entre 6 horas y 36 días con un promedio de 15 días. El tiempo promedio de hospitalización de los recién nacidos fue de 43 días, sin mortalidad. Dos embarazdas que ingresaron antes de las 22 semanas de gestación terminaron en abortos

Diagnóstico prenatal en 350 amniocentesis / Prenatal diagnosis in 350 amniocentesis

Se realizaron 350 amniocentesis entre marzo de 1988 y marzo de 1991, como parte del programa de diagnóstico prenatal del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. El diagnóstico citogenético se obtuvo en 348 casos (99.4%), de los cuales 10 (2.9%), fueron cromosómicamente anormales: Síndrome de Down, Síndrome de Edwards, (2) Síndrome de Turner, (1) Síndrome de Klinefelter (1) e inestabilidad cromosómica. (1) además se identificó un feto portador de translocación robertsoniana, dos portadores de translocaciones recíprocas balanceadas y tres más presentaron mosaicismo verdadero. En el grupo de pacientes estudiadas por indicación diferente de riesgo para cromosopatía, se observó un feto femenino afectado por hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita. En dos casos se observó pérdida fetal posiblemente atribuible al procedimiento por lo que la tasa de aborto fue de 0.57%.(au)

Estudo retrospectivo sobre 514 amniocenteses: indicaçöes, complicaçöes, avaliaçäo de maturidade e vitalidade fetais / Retrospective study on 514 amniocentesis: indications, complications, evaluation of fetal maturity and vitality

Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de 514 punçöes transabdominais, executadas na Maternidade Nossa Senhora de Lourdes, Goiânia, no período de março de l977 a setembro de l980. O estudo foi orientado no sentido de levantar a freqüência das indicaçöes, de acidentes ocorridos, da relaçäo entre os aspectos macroscópico e microscópico do líquido amniótico e a idade do recém-nascido (calculada pela tabela de Capurro), e, pelos resultados obtidos, analisar sua validade como recurso obstétrico para avaliaçäo fetal. Obteve-se correlaçäo estatisticamente significativa entre o estudo do líquido amniótico e a idade gestacional, com boa margem de segurança verificada pela baixa incidência de resultados falso-positivos. As complicaçöes foram, em sua maioria, de gravidade desprezível, confirmando uma vez mais a importância do exame como procedimento complementar, num meio em que näo se dispöe de outros recursos